中国和印度既是邻居，又同为发展中大国，是最早签署联合国《生物多样性公约》的国家之一，也都是《名古屋议定书》的缔约国，两国在保护生物多样性上具有广泛的共同利益。自1992年签署公约至今，两国都积极采取行动，扎实履行公约，在保护生物多样性方面都取得长足的发展。如今，中印关系跌宕起伏，加强两国在生物多样性方面的合作，相互借鉴发展经验，可能成为缓和两国关系的突破口，为双边关系的发展注入新的动力。
China and India are both large developing countries as well as neighbors. Both were among the first countries to sign the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, and they are also signatories to the Nagoya Protocol. The two countries share extensive common interests in biodiversity conservation. Since the signing of the convention in 1992, both countries have taken extensive action to implement the convention and have made considerable progress in biodiversity conservation. China-India relations have endured ups and downs in recent years, and enhancing cooperation on biodiversity conservation and learning from each other’s development experience can break the bilateral ice.
近年来，中国的生物多样性保护形成了以政府为主导，以多边机制为平台的全民参与、合作共赢的局面，为全球应对生物多样性挑战作出了积极贡献。一方面，中国积极发挥制度性优势，健全政策法规及生物资源监管制度，提升保护能力；另一方面，秉持“人类命运共同体”理念，与世界各地展开多层次保护生物多样性的合作。
In recent years, China established a government-led multilateral mechanism on biodiversity conservation that serves as a platform for public participation and win-win cooperation. The country has made great efforts to address biodiversity challenges. It has leveraged its institutional advantages, sound laws and regulations, and strong supervision system on biological resources to make solid progress. China has upheld the concept of “building a community of shared future for humanity” and carried out multi-level international cooperation on biodiversity conservation.
2018年，在云南拍摄到的绿孔雀。China Pictorial
中国近期发布的《中国的生物多样性保护》白皮书，强调深化以“一带一路”和“南南合作”为基础的生物多样性合作机制，与世界各国共同应对生物多样性挑战。但与此同时，中国在生物遗传资源立法及相关知识产权保护及企业参与生物多样性全球伙伴关系方面还存在着不足。
Recently, China issued a white paper titled Biodiversity Conservation in China. The paper advocated strengthening multilateral cooperation for green development under the Belt and Road Initiative and the framework for South-South cooperation. It urged the world to step up together to address the biodiversity challenge. It also admitted that China still needs to make more legislative efforts to protect biological genetic resources and related intellectual property and play a more active role in the Global Partnership for Business and Biodiversity.
中印两国在保护生物多样性方面具有不同的发展优势和成功经验，两国同属人口大国和发展中大国，共同面临着人口活动和经济发展与保护生物多样性之间的矛盾。两国既是保护生物多样性支持者，也是共同应对生物多样性挑战的合作者，其合作前景可期。
China and India have different developmental advantages and experience in biodiversity conservation. Both are big developing countries with large populations, and both face problems balancing the relationship among population growth, economic development and biodiversity conservation. Both countries are supporters of biodiversity conservation and partners in addressing the biodiversity challenges. The prospects for cooperation are promising.
以特定区域为重点，深化两国在保护生物多样性中的合作。
China and India should focus on key areas and drive bilateral cooperation on biodiversity to a deeper level.
印度一直以来都较少开展生物多样性的国际合作，如今区域生物多样性危机为中印合作提供了契机。兴都库什-喜马拉雅山作为印度生物多样性热点地区之一，具有极为丰富的生物和文化多样性，周边地区的人口直接依赖于生态系统产品及服务。如今该地区正在受到气候变化、土地过度开发、栖息地丧失、过快的城市化和污染的影响，比以往任何时候都更需要协调一致的努力和合作。而中国在兴都库什-喜马拉雅山的地理位置，为帮助印度解决该地区面临的持续的生物多样性危机提供了契机，由此为两国进一步深化生物多样性合作创造了条件。
India doesn’t carry out much international biodiversity cooperation. The current regional biodiversity crisis provides an opportunity for China-India cooperation. The Himalayas are among India’s four world top biodiversity hotspots. The Hindu Kush Himalayas boast rich biological and cultural diversity. People living in surrounding areas depend on the products and services from its ecosystem. Today the region is being affected greatly by climate change, overexploitation of land, habitat loss, rapid urbanization, and pollution. Concerted efforts on biodiversity conservation in this region are more important now than ever. China’s geographic position near the Hindu Kush Himalayas could help India to solve the current biodiversity crisis in the region while creating conditions for the two countries to deepen biodiversity cooperation.
中印应加强在生物多样性保护的制度和法律层面的沟通与合作。
China and India should strengthen communication and cooperation related to laws, regulations, and policies on biodiversity conservation.
印度在生物遗传资源的立法及相关知识产权方面的优势和“企业与生物多样性全球伙伴关系”上的优势，为中国创设生物遗传资源获取管制的相关法律，鼓励企业加入生物多样性伙伴关系及相关制度设置提供较大的借鉴意义。除此之外，中印双方在相关政策和立法层面各有不足，双方应加强交流，实现优势互补，共同提高应对生物多样性危机的能力。
India has rich experience legislating biological genetic resources and related intellectual property rights and plays an active role in the Global Partnership for Business and Biodiversity. These advantages can serve as references for China to promulgate laws and regulations on biological genetic resources, and encourage enterprises to play a bigger role in biodiversity-related initiatives and actions. But China and India both have shortcomings on legislation. The two sides should strengthen communication, complement each other, and improve their capabilities to respond to the biodiversity crisis together.
云南白马雪山国家级自然保护区的滇金丝猴。董芳/人民画报
建立定期的、多层次的生物多样性沟通交流的机制。
The two countries should establish a mechanism for regular and multi-level communication on biodiversity.
定期交流机制不仅为两国关系的友好发展提供平台，也有利于两国在生物多样性国家治理、入侵生物管理、珍稀濒危物种保护等领域开展学术交流与合作。多层次的交流机制不仅为各类相关人员提供更加便利、直接的交流机会，还更利于两国及时分享应对生物多样性危机的技术和经验，共享最新的科学研究成果。
A regular exchange mechanism provides a platform for healthy development of bilateral relations and facilitates academic communication and cooperation in fields of governance of biodiversity, management of invasive species, and protection of rare and endangered species. The mechanism also provides more opportunities for professionals from both sides to communicate and is conducive to sharing technologies and experience in response to the biodiversity crisis as well as the latest scientific developments between the two countries.
中印应继续加强气候合作。
China and India should continue to strengthen climate change cooperation.
气候变化与生物多样性变化相辅相成，气候变暖和碳排放的增加对生物多样性造成的危害不容小觑。印度总理莫迪不久前在联合国气候大会上宣布了2070年“零碳排放”目标。过去，“基础四国”（巴西、南非、印度和中国）在国际气候谈判中合作成效显著。当前，中印两国在气候问题上仍存在共同诉求，两国同为煤炭消费大国，在利用可再生能源及产业绿色转型上存在较大的合作空间。
Climate change and biodiversity change are two issues that complement each other. Global warming and increased carbon emissions both harm biodiversity. Recently, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that his country would seek to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070. Brazil, South Africa, India, and China, known as BASIC countries, have carried out fruitful cooperation in international climate negotiations. China and India have common pursuits in climate goals. Since both countries are large coal consumers, plenty of room for bilateral cooperation on renewable energy utilization and green industrial transformation can be found.
云南白马雪山，半荷包紫堇。China Pictorial
引导金融机构的绿色投资。
China and India should work together to encourage green investment from financial institutions.
经济发展是保护生物多样性的基础，大规模的投资是应对生物多样性挑战的先决条件。印度经济的脆弱性在一定程度上决定着印度在生物多样性保护上的脆弱性，加之印度一直以来都强调在气候及其他全球性问题中的融资问题。印度总理莫迪曾强调说：“如果在融资方面没有具体进展，对发展中国家是不公平的”。因此，两国应该加强在保护生物多样性上的金融合作，借以拓宽两国的合作渠道。对此，两国可以充分利用亚投行、金砖银行和中国气候变化南南合作基金等，还可通过引导企业增加对印度保护生物多样性项目的投资，缓解印度在部分项目上的经济压力，推动两国共同实现生物多样性的发展。
Economic development is the foundation for biodiversity conservation, and large-scale investment is a prerequisite for addressing biodiversity challenges. India’s economic vulnerabilities don’t help its fragile biodiversity. India considers climate finance greatly important. “Without concrete progress on climate finance, pressuring the developing countries to make climate action is unjust,” said Prime Minister Modi. China and India should strengthen financial collaboration on biodiversity conservation to broaden available cooperation channels. In this regard, the two countries should leverage the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, the New Development Bank, and China South-South Climate Cooperation Fund as much as possible to relieve India’s economic pressure on some projects by encouraging more investments in biodiversity conservation. This is how common development of biodiversity shared by the two countries will be realized.
本文作者李涛为四川大学南亚研究所常务副所长、教授。作者邓桢蕾为四川大学南亚研究所硕士研究生。本文为四川大学南亚研究所国家社科基金重大项目（17ZDA170）阶段性成果。
Author Li Tao is a professor and executive deputy director of the Institute of South Asian Studies, Sichuan University. Deng Zhenlei is a postgraduate with the institute. The article is a progress report on the 17ZDA170 project sponsored by the National Social Science Fund of China and carried out by the Institute of South Asian Studies, Sichuan University.
