印度是世界公认的生物多样性大国之一，拥有世界上约8%的记录物种。

Home to around eight percent of the world’s cata­logued plants and animals, India has rich biodiversity.

不同的土壤、气候和地形条件以及稳定的地质情况，使印度拥有了森林、草原、湿地、沙漠以及海洋等极为丰富的生态系统和动植物栖息地。

Its unique soil, climate, land­forms, and stable geological conditions have gifted India an extremely rich ecosystem and habitats including forests, grasslands, wetlands, deserts, and oceans.

除了物种丰富外，印度还具有很高的“特有率”，且被公认为作物、植物起源和多样性的世界八个中心之一。

India’s biodi­versity is so rich that it also boasts many unique species and has been recognized as one of the eight centers of origin of cultivated plants in the world.

印度狮成年雄狮，拍摄自印度吉尔国家森林公园。图源自网络

在保护生物多样性方面，印度有自己鲜明的特点。

India possesses distinct features related to biodiver­sity conservation.

首先，印度官方重视环境保护和生物多样性保护。

First, the Indian govern­ment attaches great importance to environ­mental protection and biodiversity conservation.

对印度而言，保护生物多样性至关重要，不仅因为生物多样性提供了当地人民所必需的多种商品和服务，还因为其有助于可持续发展和扶贫，因此与数百万当地人民的生计和改善社会经济条件直接相关。印度总理莫迪表示，印度制定了恢复2600万公顷荒地的目标，且努力通过增加亚洲狮子、老虎、犀牛和海豚的数量，证明印度在生物多样性和环境保护中的决心。印度环境部在COP15峰会后表示，印度已经预留了超过17.41%的地理区域实现生物保护的目标，并正在努力扩大相关区域。

Biodiversity conservation is of paramount importance for the government. Biodiversity provides essential goods and services for people and contributes to sustainable development and poverty alleviation. Biodiversity conservation directly affects the livelihood of millions and local social and economic development. According to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India will restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 and work to increase the head­count of flagship animals such as Asian lions, tigers, rhinos, and dolphins. India’s commitment to biodiversity conservation and environ­mental protection has been well documented. After COP15, India’s Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change announced that India had allocated over 17.41 percent of its geograph­ical area to achieving its country’s biodiversity objec­tives, with more regions proposed to enhance this coverage.

其次，制定“印度特色”法律保护体系，将保护生物多样性上升为国家战略。

Second, India has built a legal system with Indian characteristics to serve biodiversity conservation and made biodiversity conservation a national strategy.

为推动实现《生物多样性公约》的目标，印度积极制定相关政策框架、立法和行动计划，充分为落实生物多样性保护措施提供制度基础、法律保障和行动指南，规范保护生物多样性的行为。

To realize the goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity, India has formulated policy frame­works, enacted laws, and developed action plans to create institutional founda­tions, legal protection, and action guidelines for imple­mentation and regulation of measures on biodiversity conservation.

鸡冠花原产于印度，随佛教一起传入中国。图源自网络

2002年颁布的《生物多样性法案》是印度保护生物多样性的基础性法案，值得关注的是，印度在《生物多样性法案》中明确了遗传资源及相关传统知识获取和惠益分享的相关规定，是最早颁布此类立法的少数国家之一。此外，印度还在2014年发起了名为“印度企业和生物多样性倡议”，为企业参与生物多样性保护提供支持，增加不同利益相关者参与的积极性。

The Biological Diversity Act, the fundamen­tal framework for biodiversity conservation in India, was passed in 2002. As one of first countries to promulgate such laws, India stipulated rules for protection of genetic resources and related knowledge in the act. It also launched the India Business and Biodiversity Initiative in 2014 to provide support for enterprises to participate in biodiversity conservation and boost different stakeholders’ enthusiasm to participate.

最后，印度国内形成三级结构规范生物多样性保护的格局。

Moreover, a three-tier institutional framework for biodiversity conserva­tion has emerged in India.

根据《生物多样性法案》，印度初步构建了以国家生物多样性总局为核心的单一主管模式，通过三级机构——国家级生物多样性管理局(NBA)、州级的生物多样性委员会(SBB)和地方一级的生物多样性管理委员会(BMC)来规范对生物资源的获取。

According to the imple­mentation of The Biological Diversity Act, India’s National Biodiversity Authority was constituted at the highest level as a statutory body tasked with regulation and advisory. State Biodiversity Boards (SBB) have also been established in individual states, and Biodiversity Management Committees (BMC) have been organized at the local level.

在印度官方及民间的广泛参与下，印度已建成679个保护区，覆盖面积超过16.2万平方公里（占总面积的4.9%），同时启动湿地保护计划和海洋生态保护计划，并特别关注森林的保护。此外，印度还向一系列利益相关者，包括在校学生、退役军人、农民、社区团体等，宣传生物多样性的相关知识，提高社会保护生物多样性的意识。

Extensive participation from the Indian government and private sector has enabled the country to establish 679 protected areas covering an area of more than 162,000 square kilometers, 4.9 percent of India’s land. India has launched campaigns on wetland protection and marine ecological protec­tion and continues to attach great importance to forest protection. India also promotes biodiversity-related knowledge to a number of stakeholders such as students, veterans, farmers, and community groups to raise public awareness.

本文作者李涛为四川大学南亚研究所常务副所长、教授。作者邓桢蕾为四川大学南亚研究所硕士研究生。本文为四川大学南亚研究所国家社科基金重大项目(17ZDA170)阶段性成果。

Author Li Tao is a professor and executive deputy director of the Institute of South Asian Studies, Sichuan University. Deng Zhenlei is a postgraduate with the institute. The article is a progress report on the 17ZDA170 project sponsored by the National Social Science Fund of China and carried out by the Institute of South Asian Studies, Sichuan University.